The objective of this study was to evaluate ichneumonid samples, collected from northeastern Anatolia (Erzurum: Pazaryolu-Kumaskaya). Samples were collected during the summer period of 2015. Collected 14 species belong to Ichneumoninae, Ophioninae, Orthocentrinae and Pimplinae subfamilies. Cylloceria sylvestris (Gravenhorst, 1829) is new record for the Turkish fauna. Individual diversity, collecting locations, distribution data and short zoogeographical notes are given for each species.

: In this study, prices of the mandarin producers and consumers and its marketing structure in Turkey were examined. Between 2003 and 2017, production, consumption, foreign trade, price fluctuations, and marketing of the mandarin product were analyzed. The yield of the product in the increased bearer and the production rate increases in Turkey. Based on the current and real prices, the mandarin marketing margins were calculated, while the chain indexes of both producers and consumers were obtained through the current prices. We then compare them with the annual inflation rate in the country. Supply and demand models of the mandarin product were estimated and interpreted statistically. As a result, the real price of diesel and the trend (time) were found to have an impact on the mandarin production amount, while the mandarin consumer real price, orange consumer real price, and national income were determined to be effective on the mandarin consumption amount.

Increasing living standards requires sustainable planning of the environment. The urban areas, important elements of the environment, play an important role in meeting the water, shelter and basic nutrients of people. They have also become important settlements throughout the history of human beings due to their rich natural resources. In order to fulfill the articles of the European Landscape Convention (APS) and to ensure the sustainability of the landscape, the present study aims to define the landscape character areas and types of the Pasinler and Köprüköy districts located within the boundaries of Turkey’s Erzurum. For these purposes, Landscape Character Analysis (LCA) method was used. According to this method, the natural and cultural data are digitized in the computer environment and assessed with the help of Geographical Information Systems (GIS). As a result of the evaluation, 9 landscape character areas with 4 different characteristics and 286 landscape character type pre-classes related to these areas were determined. Based on the results obtained, it is considered that the study will be a source of data for the future basin, related implementation, management and development policies.

In this study, the effect of bat manure on the some macro element content, pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soils was investigated in order to compare with the traditional method of livestockmanure. Both organic materials were applied at increasing doses of 0 (control); 5; 500; 1000; 1500; 2000 kg.da-1 and a wheat plant was used as the experiment plant. The study was carried out in the field of Soil and Water Resources of East Anatolia Agricultural Research Institute (Erzurum) between the years of 2011-2013 and the results were evaluated by LSD multiple comparison test according to the completely randomized block design. When the bat guano and livestock manure results of the study were compared to the control, the highest bat manure dose increased by content of the nitrogen (N) 32%, phosphorus (P) 407%, potassium (K) 61%, pH 3% and cation exchange capacity (CEC) 17% of the soil.

Rangelands, have different properties, are directly or indirectly affected by many factors such as climate, soil, grazing etc. In this study Ecological Site identification and Rangeland Health Classification were performed by evaluating vegetation, soil and hydrological properties of Kop and Palandoken mountains rangelands. The Kop and Palandoken mountains rangelands showed significant differences both within and between the sides respect to the Rangeland Health Identification and Ecological Site Classification. It was determined that vegetation, soil and hydrological properties of the Palandoken mountains rangelands are more variable than those of the Kop mountains rangelands. The Rangeland Health of Palandoken mountains rangelands were evaluated as “very weak” and “good” class depending on vegetation, soil and hydrological properties but Kop mountain rangelands were more stability and mostly “weak” or “medium” class. These results clearly indicated that different grazing management plans should be taken into account in both rangeland areas. By considering the geomorphological structure in planning, it was concluded that grazing plans which are interchangeable and interconnected within the area are important for sustainable use in the rangeland improvement.

This research was planned to determine the performance of some forage pea (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L.) genotypes in Erzurum conditions. The study was carried out in the Pasinler Research Station trial areas of the Eastern Anatolia Agricultural Research Institute in 2011, 2012 and 2013. Field experiments were conducted in randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. According to the three-year averages; time for flowering was 55.0-62.8 days, time for physiological maturity was 91.6-102.0 days, plant height is 90.3-110.6 cm, green forage yield was 1587.8-2764.5 kg da-1 and seed yield was 145.6-322.0 kg da-1. The highest yield values were determined as 3156 kg da-1 for green forage yield and 283.3 kg da-1 for seed yield in the second year of the experiment and it was determined that there were significant differences between years and genotypes in terms of yield and agricultural characteristics. According to the correlation analysis between yield and yield components; a positive correlation was determined between green forage yield and the number of emergence days, plant height and number of branches, 1% pod number in the plant and 5% significance level, 1% between seed yield and thousand grain weight, 5% significance level in the number of pods. As a result, it is concluded that ecological properties affect yields and different genotypes have different yield potentials. It has been decided that H-13 and H-9 genotypes can be grown in the region without any problems in terms of green forage and seed yield. Among the varieties, because their seeds are easy find, Taskent, Tore, Urunlu and Ozkaynak varieties can be recommended for hay production and Kirazli variety for seed production.

In this study, the genomic organization of glutathione reductase (gsr) gene was determined in platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus which is an important model organism. For this purpose, we studied bioinformatics of glutathione reductase gene (gsr) (gene structure andidentification of gene, detecting of amino acid sequences encoded by other vertebrates, conserved gene synteny and phylogenetic relationships with other vertebrates) in platyfish, X. maculatus. However, bioinformatic studies of the gsr enzyme gene have not been performed in platyfish which is an important model organism. For all these purposes, in this study, the statistics obtained by using Ensembl genomic database, NCBI database, BioEdit software and MEGA6 program are presented. Stress responses in fish can reveal multifaceted levels involving the effects of different gene groups and products. Understanding the genetic characteristics of a model organism that reacts to stress is crucial for molecular studies. For this purpose, the characterization and identification of gsr, one of the antioxidant enzyme genes in platyfish, X. macullastus which is an important model organism, was made using bioinformatics tools and some data to be used in the future studies on the molecular stress response were presented to the scientific world.

Plants have developed very complex mechanisms to overcome various environmental stresses. It has been found that abiotic stresses such as nutritional stress, drought, cold, salinity, heavy metal, oxidative stress regulate the expression of hundreds of genes in transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in plants. Recent studies show that miRNAs also play a role in these mechanisms. Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in basic processes such as the development and maintenance of genome integrity in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Understanding the complex molecular mechanism regulated by miRNAs during abiotic and biotic stresses may offer new approaches to improve plant productivity. This review describes how miRNAs under different abiotic stresses play a role in stress tolerance and their effects on target genes. In addition, various down and up regulated plant miRNAs have been focused on the response mechanisms to stress. In light of this information, the miRNA profile of plants exposed to different environmental stresses will help researchers identify and characterize new miRNA targets in future studies.

In this study, the effect of the chamber used for the automated analysis of sperm motility and sperm kinematics parameters by CASA was evaluated of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) sperms. The assessment of motility parameters was carried out using CEROS II (Hamilton-Thorne, Beverly, MA, USA) connected to CX41 microscope (Olympus, Japan) at room temperature. Sperm samples were collected from five adult males by abdominal massage during the reproduction season and analyzed with two different chambers as follows specialty: Leja 2 cell chambered with 20 µl deep (Leja Products, Netherlands) and Makler chamber, round shape with 10 µl deep (Sefi-Medical Instrument, Haifa, Israel). Total sperm motility (Mot, %), and Velocity of Curvilinear (µm/s) were measured. For fertilization test, eggs from one female (550 g approximately 7500 eggs) were separated in equal five parts. Each part of eggs (approximately 1.500 eggs) was fertilized with each analyzed sperm (5ml). Fertilization, incubation procedure and calculation of fertilization rates have been kept as used routinely for rainbow trout culture procedure. The fertilization rates were found ?80% for all used males. The motility percentage of samples analyzed by Leja has been found higher 90% while by makler changed between 26-45%. There is significantly effect on different chambers used in this study to determining the motility percentage. The high stability results and matched the fertilization success were detected in Leja 2-chamber. Statistical study with motility percentage showed a significant difference between Leja and Makler chambers (p<0,05).

In this research; chemical and sensory changes of rainbow trout (O. mykiss) fillets added black cumin oil were examined during 9 days storage period. Chemical (pH, TVB-N and TBARS) and sensory (colour, odour, appearance and general acceptance) analyzes of samples were made in every three days period. According to the results of chemical analysis, TVB-N and TBARS values were lower in the samples with different concentrations of black cumin oil compared to the control group during the storage period. The pH range of all samples was 6.07 (day 0 group D) and 6.39 (day 3 group B). As a result of the sensory evaluations, at least control group (4.25 ± 0.03) samples were accepted by the panelists in terms of general acceptability, while D group (5.00 ± 0.00) samples were liked the most. Sensory analysis results are in line with chemical analysis results.

This study was carried out to determine the effect of some applications on seed germination and seedling growth of eggplant under salt stress. Egg plant seeds treated with different concentrations of glycine betaine (GB) (5, 10 and 25 µM) and thiamine (Th) (0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 µM) were tested at 0, 75 and 150 mM of NaCl dosses. In the study, it was found that Th and GB applications increased germination percentage and decreased mean germination time compared to control and decreased the negative effect of salt stress. The best treatment for germination percentage and germination time was 25 µM GB. Similarly, salt stress had a negative effect on emergence percentage and plant growth parameters such as seedling leaf area, root and leaf fresh and dry weight of eggplant seedlings. GB and Th seed treatments improved these parameters in eggplant seedlings grown under salt stress compared to untreated control and it was determined that salt stress reduced negative effects. According to the results obtained from the study, it is thought that Th and GB treatments can be used as an alternative method in reducing the negative effects of salt stress in eggplant.

In this review, the distribution, biology, feeding, breeding potential and commercial importance of doctor fish (Garra rufa), which have increased in importance in recent years due to the intensive use of ichthyotherapy and fish SPA centers, have been emphasized. The doctor fish, which was first used in 1989 for ichthyotherapy purposes, is used in fish SPA centers for fish massage and pedicure purposes, which are of great interest all over the world today. Due to the increased interest and demand for doctor fish for the purpose of ichthyotherapy and fish massage in the health and tourism sector, cultivation of this species is very important in terms of ensuring the demand through aquaculture and preserving natural fish stocks. Although there are various studies on the distribution, biology and genetics of the doctor fish, it has been observed that there are not enough studies and resources about its breeding. The researches about the culture of doctor fish are very few and these studies are on its thermal tolerance range, the effect of feeding frequency on growth, hormone application and larval feeding. The demand for doctor fish is rapidly increasing in our country and in the world, and this increasing demand is met by import or from natural stocks. For this reason, it is essential that the breeding of doctor fish begins immediately in our country.